Do lugar ao indivíduo
perspectivas para a análise e mensuração da segregação urbana
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54446/bcg.v13i1.3009Palavras-chave:
segregação, abordagem individual, espaço de atividades, Big Data, desigualdade socialResumo
Estudos voltados à mensuração da segregação urbana são tradicionalmente desenvolvidos a partir de uma abordagem baseada no lugar, utilizando o espaço residencial como perspectiva de análise. Debates recentes na literatura têm chamado atenção para a importância de adotar uma abordagem individual na investigação do fenômeno, assim como incluir outros locais além da residência em suas análises, o que permitiu a compreensão da segregação como uma experiência individual, e não apenas como uma característica do lugar. Este artigo apresenta uma visão geral das principais perspectivas utilizadas nos estudos da segregação, enfatizando os avanços recentes nas estratégias que incorporam o indivíduo e seus espaços de atividades. O artigo também discute os desafios metodológicos enfrentados por estudos a partir dessa perspectiva, incluindo o uso de big data. Apesar desses desafios, a análise empírica da segregação urbana possibilitada pela perspectiva individual, abre caminhos importantes para pesquisas voltadas à compreensão e redução das desigualdades sociais.
Referências
ANTONIALLI, Dennys Marcelo; KIRA, Beatriz. Planejamento urbano do futuro, dados do presente: a proteção da privacidade no contexto das cidades inteligentes. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais, v. 22, p. 1–25, 2020.
BARROS, Joana; FEITOSA, Flavia F. Uneven geographies: Exploring the sensitivity of spatial indices of residential segregation. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, v. 45, n. 6, p. 1073–1089, 2018. DOI: 10.1177/2399808318760572.
BATTY, Michael. Urban analytics defined. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, v. 46, n. 3, p. 403–405, 2019. DOI: 10.1177/2399808319839494.
BELL, Wendell. A Probability Model for the Measurement of Ecological Segregation. Social Forces, v. 32, n. 4, p. 357–364, 1954. DOI: 10.2307/2574118.
BÉZENAC, Cécile; CLARK, William A. V.; OLTEANU, Madalina; RANDON‐FURLING, Julien. Measuring and Visualizing Patterns of Ethnic Concentration: The Role of Distortion Coefficients. Geographical Analysis, v. 54, n. 1, p. 173–196, 2022. DOI: 10.1111/gean.12271.
CANDIPAN, Jennifer; PHILLIPS, Nolan Edward; SAMPSON, Robert J.; SMALL, Mario. From residence to movement: The nature of racial segregation in everyday urban mobility. Urban Studies, v. 58, n. 15, p. 3095–3117, 2021. DOI: 10.1177/0042098020978965.
CEPAL – Comissão Econômica Para a América Latina E O Caribe. La Matriz De La Desigualdad Social En América Latina. Santiago: CEPAL, 2016.
COSTA, Sérgio. Desigualdades, interdependência e políticas sociais no Brasil. In: PIRES, Roberto Rocha C. (org.). Implementando Desigualdade: Reprodução de Desigualdades na Implementação de Políticas Públicas. Rio de Janeiro: Ipea, 2019. p. 53–78.
DANNEMANN, Teodoro; SOTOMAYOR-GÓMEZ, Boris; SAMANIEGO, Horacio. The time geography of segregation during working hours. Royal Society Open Science, , v. 5, n. 10, p. 180749, 2018. DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180749.
DAVIES, Gemma; DIXON, John; TREDOUX, Colin G.; WHYATT, J. Duncan; HUCK, Jonny J.; STURGEON, Brendan; HOCKING, Bree T.; JARMAN, Neil; BRYAN, Dominic. Networks of (Dis)connection: Mobility Practices, Tertiary Streets, and Sectarian Divisions in North Belfast. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, v. 109, n. 6, p. 1729–1747, 2019. DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1593817.
DIXON, John; TREDOUX, Colin; DAVIES, Gemma; HUCK, Jonny; HOCKING, Bree; STURGEON, Brendan; WHYATT, Duncan; JARMAN, Neil; BRYAN, Dominic. Parallel lives: Intergroup contact, threat, and the segregation of everyday activity spaces. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, , v. 118, n. 3, p. 457–480, 2020. DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000191.
DUNCAN, Otis Dudley; DUNCAN, Beverly. A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indexes. American Sociological Review, v. 20, n. 2, p. 210, 1955. DOI: 10.2307/2088328.
ELLEN, Ingrid Gould; TURNER, Margery Austin. Does Neighborhood Matter? Assessing Recent Evidence. Housing Policy Debate, v. 8, n. 4, p. 833–866, 1997. DOI: 10.1080/10511482.1997.9521280.
FARBER, Steven; PÁEZ, Antonio; MORENCY, Catherine. Activity spaces and the measurement of clustering and exposure: A case study of linguistic groups in Montreal. Environment and Planning A, v. 44, n. 2, p. 315–332, 2012. DOI: 10.1068/a44203.
FARBER, Steven; O’KELLY, Morton; MILLER, Harvey J.; NEUTENS, Tijs. Measuring segregation using patterns of daily travel behavior: A social interaction based model of exposure. Journal of Transport Geography, , v. 49, p. 26–38, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.10.009.
FEITOSA, Flávia F. Big data e urban analytics à brasileira. Revista de Morfologia Urbana, v. 8, n. 1, p. e00141, 2020. DOI: 10.47235/rmu.v8i1.141.
FEITOSA, Flávia F.; CÂMARA, Gilberto.; MONTEIRO, Antônio. M. V.; KOSCHITZKI, Thomas.; SILVA, Marcelino. P. S. Global and local spatial indices of urban segregation. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, v. 21, n. 3, p. 299–323, 2007. DOI: 10.1080/13658810600911903.
FLORES, Carolina. Conseqüências da segregação residencial : teoria e métodos. Novas metrópoles paulistas: população, vulnerabilidade e segregação, p. 197–230, 2006.
FOTHERINGHAM, A. Stewart. Trends in quantitative methods I: stressing the local. Progress in Human Geography, v. 21, n. 1, p. 88–96, 1997. DOI: 10.1191/030913297676693207.
FOWLER, Christopher S. Segregation as a multiscalar phenomenon and its implications for neighborhood-scale research: The case of South Seattle 1990-2010. Urban Geography, v. 37, n. 1, p. 1–25, 2016. DOI: 10.1080/02723638.2015.1043775.
FRIEDRICHS, J̈urgen; GALSTER, George; MUSTERD, Sako. Neighbourhood effects on social opportunities: The European and American research and policy context. Housing Studies, , v. 18, n. 6, p. 797–806, 2003. DOI: 10.1080/0267303032000156291.
GOLLEDGE, Reginald G.; STIMSON, Robert J. Spatial Behavior: A Geographic Perspective. New York: The Guilford Press; 1997.
HÄGERSTRAAND, Torsten. WHAT ABOUT PEOPLE IN REGIONAL SCIENCE? Papers in Regional Science, , v. 24, n. 1, p. 7–24, 1970. DOI: 10.1111/j.1435-5597.1970.tb01464.x.
HALL, Matthew; ICELAND, John; YI, Youngmin. Racial Separation at Home and Work: Segregation in Residential and Workplace Settings. Population Research and Policy Review, , v. 38, n. 5, p. 671–694, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s11113-019-09510-9.
HORTON, Frank E.; REYNOLDS, David R. Effects of Urban Spatial Structure on Individual Behavior. Economic Geography, v. 47, n. 1, p. 36, 1971. DOI: 10.2307/143224.
JAKLE, John A.; BRUNN, Stanley; ROSEMAN, Curtis. C. Human spatial behavior: A social geography. North Scituate. MA: Duxbury Press; 1976.
JARGOWSKY, Paul A. Take the Money and Run: Economic Segregation in. American Sociological Review, v. 61, n. 6, p. 984–998, 1996.
JÄRV, Olle; MASSO, Anu; SILM, Siiri; AHAS, Rein. The Link Between Ethnic Segregation and Socio-Economic Status: An Activity Space Approach. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, v. 0, n. 0, p. 1–17, 2020. DOI: 10.1111/tesg.12465.
JONES, Malia; PEBLEY, Anne R. Redefining Neighborhoods Using Common Destinations: Social Characteristics of Activity Spaces and Home Census Tracts Compared. Demography, v. 51, n. 3, p. 727–752, 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s13524-014-0283-z. D
KITCHIN, Rob; MCARDLE, Gavin. What makes Big Data, Big Data? Exploring the ontological characteristics of 26 datasets. Big Data and Society, v. 3, n. 1, 2016. DOI: 10.1177/2053951716631130.
KRIVO, L. J.; WASHINGTON, H. M.; PETERSON, R. D.; BROWNING, C. R.; CALDER, C. A.; KWAN, M. P. Social Isolation of Disadvantage and Advantage: The Reproduction of Inequality in Urban Space. Social Forces, v. 92, n. 1, p. 141–164, 2013. DOI: 10.1093/sf/sot043.
KWAN, Mei-Po. From place-based to people-based exposure measures. Social Science & Medicine, v. 69, n. 9, p. 1311–1313, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.013.
KWAN, Mei-Po. The Uncertain Geographic Context Problem. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, , v. 102, n. 5, p. 958–968, 2012. DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2012.687349.
KWAN, Mei Po. Beyond space (aswe knew it): Toward temporally integrated geographies of segregation, health, and accessibility. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, , p. 39–51, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9205-9_4.
LE ROUX, G.; VALLÉE, J.; COMMENGES, H. Social segregation around the clock in the Paris region (France). Journal of Transport Geography, v. 59, p. 134–145, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.02.003.
LEE, Jae Yong; KWAN, Mei Po. Visualisation of socio-spatial isolation based on human activity patterns and social networks in space-time. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, v. 102, n. 4, p. 468–485, 2011. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9663.2010.00649.x.
LIEBERSON, Stanley. An Asymmetrical Approach to Segregation. In: Peach, C.; Robinson, V.; Smith, S. Ethnic segregation in cities. London: Croom Helm. 1981. p. 61-82.
LISBOA, Flávia S; FEITOSA, Flávia F. Para além da perspectiva residencial: a construção de índices de segregação dos espaços de atividades. Revista Brasileira de Cartografia, n. 68, p. 797–813, 2016.
LISBOA, Flávia S;. FEITOSA, Flávia F. Para Além da Perspectiva Residencial: Novas Abordagens para a Análise da Segregação. XVII ENANPUR - Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Planejamento Urbano e Regional. Desenvolvimento, Crise e Resistência: Quais os Caminhos do Planejamento Urbano e Regional? Anais. São Paulo, 2017.
LISBOA, Flávia S; FEITOSA, Flávia F. Novas perspectivas para a análise espacial da segregação: incorporando os espaços de atividades. In: 8o Congresso Luso-Brasileiro para o Planeamento Urbano, Regional, Integrado e Sustentável (Pluris). Cidades e Territórios - Desenvolvimento, Atratividade e Novos Desafios 2018, Anais. Coimbra, 2018, p. 766–779.
MALOUTAS, Thomas. Editorial: urban segregation and the european context. Επιθεώρηση Κοινωνικών Ερευνών, v. 113, n. 113, p. 3, 2004. DOI: 10.12681/grsr.9214.
MALOUTAS, Thomas. (2016) Introduction: Residential Segregation in Context. In Maloutas, Thomas; Fujita, Kuniko. (orgs). Residential segregation in comparative perspective: Making sense of contextual diversity.2016. 1-36. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315605661
MARCIŃCZAK, Szymon; TAMMARU, Tiit; STRÖMGREN, Magnus; LINDGREN, Urban. Changing patterns of residential and workplace segregation in the Stockholm metropolitan area. Urban Geography, v. 36, n. 7, p. 969–992, 2015. DOI: 10.1080/02723638.2015.1012364.
MARCUSE, Peter. The partitioned city in history. In: Marcuse, Peter; Van Kempen, R (orgs.) Of States and Cities: The Partitioning of Urban Space. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. p.1-36.
MARICATO, Ermínia. Metrópole, legislação e desigualdade. Estudos Avançados, 17(48), 151–166, 2003. DOI: 10.1590/s0103-40142003000200013
MASSEY, Douglas S.; DENTON, Nancy A. American Apartheid. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1993.
MASSEY, Douglas S.; DENTON, Nancy A. The Dimensions of Residential Segregation. Social Forces, v. 67, n. 2, p. 281, 1988. DOI: 10.2307/2579183.
MILLER, Harvey. Place-Based versus People-Based Geographic Information Science. Geography Compass, v. 1, n. 3, p. 503–535, 2007. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00025.x.
MORO, Esteban; CALACCI, Dan; DONG, Xiaowen; PENTLAND, Alex. Mobility patterns are associated with experienced income segregation in large US cities. Nature Communications, v. 12, n. 1, 2021. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24899-8.
MUSTERD, Sako. Urban segregation: contexts, domains, dimensions and approaches. In: Handbook of Urban Segregation. [s.l.] : Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020. v. 2p. 2–17. DOI: 10.4337/9781788115605.00007.
NETTO, Vinicius M.; MEIRELLES, João Vitor; PINHEIRO, Maíra; LOREA, Henrique. A temporal geography of encounters. Cybergeo, v. 2018, n. February 2018. DOI: 10.4000/cybergeo.28985.
NETTO, Vinicius M.; SOARES, Maíra Pinheiro; PASCHOALINO, Roberto. Segregated Networks in the City. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, v. 39, n. 6, p. 1084–1102, 2015. DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.12346.
PALMER, John R. B.; ESPENSHADE, Thomas J.; BARTUMEUS, Frederic; CHUNG, Chang Y.; OZGENCIL, Necati Ercan; LI, Kathleen. New Approaches to Human Mobility: Using Mobile Phones for Demographic Research. Demography, v. 50, n. 3, p. 1105–1128, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/s13524-012-0175-z.
PARK, Robert E; BURGESS, Ernest W. The city. Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, 1967.
PARK, Yoo Min; KWAN, Mei-Po. Beyond residential segregation: A spatiotemporal approach to examining multi-contextual segregation. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, v. 71, p. 98–108, 2018. a. DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2018.05.001.
PEACH, Ceri. Good segregation, bad segregation. Planning Perspectives, v. 11, n. 4, p. 379–398, 1996. DOI: 10.1080/026654396364817.
PHILLIPS, Deborah. Ethnic and Racial Segregation: A Critical Perspective. Geography Compass, v. 1, n. 5, p. 1138–1159, 2007. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00051.x.
PHILLIPS, N. E.; LEVY, B. L.; SAMPSON, R. J.; SMALL, M. L.; WANG, R. Q. The Social Integration of American Cities: Network Measures of Connectedness Based on Everyday Mobility Across Neighborhoods. Sociological Methods and Research, 2019. DOI: 10.1177/0049124119852386.
PIEKUT, Aneta. Re-Theorising Spatial Segregation: A European Perspective. In: GWILYM PRYCE, YA PING WANG, YU CHEN, JINGJING SHAN, Houkai Wei (org.). Urban Inequality and Segregation in Europe and China. Springer International Publishing, 2021. p. 13–38. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74544-8_2.
REARDON, Sean F. A conceptual framework for measuring segregation and its association with population outcomes. In J. Michael Oakes, Jay S. Kaufman (orgs.), Methods in Social Epidemiology. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2006. p.169‐192.
RANDON-FURLING, Julien; OLTEANU, Madalina; LUCQUIAUD, Antoine. From urban segregation to spatial structure detection. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, v. 47, n. 4, p. 645–661, 2020. DOI: 10.1177/2399808318797129.
REARDON, Sean F.; FIREBAUGH, Glenn. Response: Segregation and social distance - A generalized approach to segregation measurement. Sociological Methodology, v. 32, p. 85–101, 2002. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9531.00112.
REARDON, Sean F.; O’SULLIVAN, David. Measures of Spatial Segregation. Sociological Methodology, v. 34, n. 1, p. 121–162, 2004. DOI: 10.1111/j.0081-1750.2004.00150.x.
ROKEM, J Jonathan.; VAUGHAN, Laura. Segregation, mobility and encounters in Jerusalem: The role of public transport infrastructure in connecting the ‘divided city’. Urban Studies, v. 55, n. 15, p. 3454–3473, 2018. DOI: 10.1177/0042098017691465.
ROKEM, Jonathan; VAUGHAN, Laura. Geographies of ethnic segregation in Stockholm: The role of mobility and co-presence in shaping the ‘diverse’ city. Urban Studies, v. 56, n. 12, p. 2426–2446, 2019. DOI: 10.1177/0042098018795561.
SAKODA, James M. A Generalized Index of Dissimilarity. Demography, v. 18, n. 2, p. 245–250, 1981. DOI: 10.2307/2061096.
SANTOS, Milton. Por uma outra globalização: do pensamento único à consciência universal. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2007.
SANTOS, Milton; SILVEIRA, Maria L. (2010). O Brasil: território e sociedade no início do século XXI. Rio de Janeiro: Record
SARAIVA, Marcus; BARROS, Joana. Accessibility in São Paulo: An individual road to equity? Applied Geography, v. 144, n. October 2021, p. 102731, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102731.
SCHNELL, Izhak; YOAV, Benjamini. The Sociospatial Isolation of Agents in Everyday Life Spaces as an Aspect of Segregation. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, , v. 91, n. 4, p. 622–636, 2001. DOI: 10.1111/0004-5608.00262.
SHEARMUR, Richard. Dazzled by data: Big Data, the census and urban geography. Urban Geography, , v. 36, n. 7, p. 965–968, 2015. DOI: 10.1080/02723638.2015.1050922.
SINGLETON, Alexander D.; SPIELMAN, Seth E.; FOLCH, David C. Urban analytics. London: SAGE, 2018.
SILM, Siiri; AHAS, Rein. The temporal variation of ethnic segregation in a city: Evidence from a mobile phone use dataset. Social Science Research, v. 47, p. 30–43, 2014a. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.03.011.
SHELTON, Taylor; POORTHUIS, Ate; ZOOK, Matthew. Social media and the city: Rethinking urban socio-spatial inequality using user-generated geographic information. Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 142, p. 198–211, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.020.
SHEN, Yao. Segregation through space: A scope of the flow-based spatial interaction model. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 76, n. February, p. 10–23, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.02.007.
TAN, Y.; CHAI, Y.; CHEN, Z. Social-contextual exposure of ethnic groups in urban China: From residential place to activity space. Population, Space and Place, v. 25, n. 7, 2019. a. DOI: 10.1002/psp.2248.
TOOMET, Ott; SILM, Siiri; SALUVEER, Erki; AHAS, Rein; TAMMARU, Tiit. Where Do Ethno-Linguistic Groups Meet? How Copresence during Free-Time Is Related to Copresence at Home and at Work. Plos One, v. 10, n. 5, p. e0126093, 2015. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126093.
VAN HAM, Maarten; TAMMARU, Tiit. New perspectives on ethnic segregation over time and space. A domains approach. Urban Geography, v. 37, n. 7, p. 953–962, 2016. DOI: 10.1080/02723638.2016.1142152.
VAN KEMPEN, Ronald; WISSINK, Bart. Between places and flows: Towards a new agenda for neighbourhood research in an age of mobility. Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography, v. 96, n. 2, p. 95–108, 2014. DOI: 10.1111/geob.12039.
WHITE, Michael J. The Measurement of Spatial Segregation. American Journal of Sociology, v. 88, n. 5, p. 1008–1018, 1983. DOI: 10.1086/227768.
WISSINK, B.; SCHWANEN, T.; VAN KEMPEN, R. Beyond residential segregation: Introduction. Cities, v. 59, p. 126–130, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2016.08.010.
WANG, Donggen; LI, Fei; CHAI, Yanwei. Activity spaces and sociospatial segregation in Beijing. Urban Geography, v. 33, n. 2, p. 256–277, 2012. DOI: 10.2747/0272-3638.33.2.256.
WONG, D. W. S.; SHAW, Shih Lung. Measuring segregation: An activity space approach. Journal of Geographical Systems, v. 13, n. 2, p. 127–145, 2011. DOI: 10.1007/s10109-010-0112-x.
WONG, David W. From Aspatial to Spatial, from Global to Local and Individual: Are We on the Right Track to Spatialize Segregation Measures? In: HOWELL, Frank M.; PORTER, Jeremy R.; MATTHEWS, Stephen A. (org.). Recapturing Space: New Middle-Range Theory in Spatial Demography. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. p. 77–98. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22810-5_5.
WONG, David W. S. Spatial Indices of Segregation. Urban Studies, v. 30, n. 3, p. 559–572, 1993. DOI: 10.1080/00420989320080551.
YAO, J.; WONG, D. W. S.; BAILEY, N.; MINTON, J. Spatial Segregation Measures: A Methodological Review. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, v. 110, n. 3, p. 235–250, 2019. DOI: 10.1111/tesg.12305.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Boletim Campineiro de Geografia
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
A revista é regida pela licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0.